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Senin, September 19, 2011

suffix

Suffixes


A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:
  1. inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog > dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk > walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.

  2. derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

Inflectional suffixes

Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word. So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning. In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same. In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness". Look at these examples:
suffixgrammatical change example
original word
example
suffixed word
-spluraldogdogs
-enplural (irregular) oxoxen
-s3rd person singular present likehe likes
-edpast tense
past participle
workhe worked
he has worked
-enpast participle (irregular) eathe has eaten
-ingcontinuous/progressivesleephe is sleeping
-ercomparativebigbigger
-estsuperlativebigthe biggest

Derivational suffixes

With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.
We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:
derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)
There are several hundred derivational suffixes. Here are some of the more common ones:
suffix making example
original word
example
suffixed word
-ationnounsexplore
hesitate
exploration
hesitation
-sionpersuade
divide
persuasion
division
-erteachteacher
-cianmusicmusician
-essgodgoddess
-nesssadsadness
-alarrivearrival
-arydictiondictionary
-menttreattreatment
-yjealous
victor
jealousy
victory
-aladjectivesaccidentaccidental
-aryimagineimaginary
-abletaxtaxable
-lybrotherbrotherly
-yeaseeasy
-fulsorrow
forget
sorrowful
forgetful
-lyadverbshelpfulhelpfully
-izeverbsterror
private
terrorize
privatize
-atehyphenhyphenate
by http://www.englishclub.com

Kamis, September 15, 2011

prefix

Prefixes

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or " bio-", because these are "combining forms", not prefixes.
PrefixMeaningExamples
a-also an-not, withoutatheist, anaemic
a-to, towardsaside, aback
in the process of, in a particular statea-hunting, aglow
a-ofanew
completelyabashed
ab-also abs-away, fromabdicate, abstract
ad-also a-, ac-, af-, ag- al-, an-, ap-, at- as-, at-movement to, change into, addition or increaseadvance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate, affirm, aggravate, alleviate, annotate, apprehend, arrive, assemble, attend
ante-before, precedingantecedent, ante-room
anti-also ant-opposing, against, the oppositeanti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
be-all over, all aroundbespatter, beset
completelybewitch, bemuse
having, covered withbejewelled
affect with (added to nouns)befog
cause to be (added to adjectives)becalm
com-also co-, col-, con-, cor-with, jointly, completelycombat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode
contra-against, oppositecontraceptive
counter-opposition, opposite directioncounter-attack, counteract
de-down, awaydescend, despair, depend, deduct
completelydenude, denigrate
removal, reversalde-ice, decamp
dia-also di-through, acrossdiagonal
dis-also di-negation, removal, expulsiondisadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
en-also em-put into or onengulf, enmesh
bring into the condition ofenlighten, embitter
intensificationentangle, enrage
ex-also e-, ef-outexit, exclude, expand
upwardexalt, extol
completelyexcruciate, exasperate
previousex-wife
extra-outside, beyondextracurricular
hemi-halfhemisphere
hyper-beyond, more than, more than normalhypersonic, hyperactive
hypo-underhypodermic, hypothermia
in-also il-, im-not, withoutinfertile, inappropriate, impossible
also il-, im-, ir-in, into, towards, insideinfluence, influx, imbibe
infra-belowinfrared, infrastructure
inter-between, amonginteract, interchange
intra-inside, withinintramural, intravenous
non-absence, negationnon-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob-also oc-, of-, op-blocking, against, concealingobstruct, occult, offend, oppose
out-surpassing, exceedingoutperform
external, away fromoutbuilding, outboard
over-excessively, completelyoverconfident, overburdened, overjoyed
upper, outer, over, aboveovercoat, overcast
peri-round, aboutperimeter
post-after in time or orderpostpone
pre-before in time, place, order or importancepre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
pro-favouring, in support ofpro-African
acting forproconsul
motion forwards or awaypropulsion
before in time, place or orderprologue
re-againrepaint, reappraise, reawake
semi-half, partlysemicircle, semi-conscious
sub-also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus-at a lower positionsubmarine, subsoil
lower in ranksub-lieutenant
nearly, approximatelysub-tropical
syn-also sym-in union, acting togethersynchronize, symmetry
trans-across, beyondtransnational, transatlantic
into a different statetranslate
ultra-beyondultraviolet, ultrasonic
extremeultramicroscopic
un-notunacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned
reversal or cancellation of action or stateunplug, unmask
under-beneath, belowunderarm, undercarriage
lower in rankundersecretary
not enoughunderdeveloped
  by http://www.englishclub.com