Question Tag

Question Tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ada di akhir kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita sering mendengar orang berkata, kamu terlambat, kan?. Nah kata "kan?" di sini disebut dengan question tag dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pada topic ini kita akan membahas tentang:

• Positive Statement
• Negative Statement
• Imperative Statement

1. Positive StatementRumus:

(+) statement, (-) tag?

a. Dengan Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh: 

• You are the new secretary, aren't you? (bukan are not you?)
• George can swim well, can't he?
• I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (bukan amn't I)
• Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?

Catatan penting: 

• Jika kita dapat melihat adanya kata Bantu (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, atau must), maka gunakan saja kata Bantu tersebut sebagai tagnya.
• Tag negative harus dibentuk dengan singkatan. Pengguaan not yang terpisah dari kata bantunya tidak umum dalam Question tag.
• Jika subjek kalimatnya I, dan kata bantunya am, maka tagnya adalah aren't I?bukan "amn't I" sebab penyingkatan ini tidak standard dalam bahasa Inggris.
• Berhati-hatilah dengan penyingkatan kata Bantu. Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini:

• She's afraid to stay alone, isn't she?
• She's called the police, hasn't she?

Pada kalimat pertama, she's = she is, sebab diikuti oleh kata sifat, sedangkan pada kalimat kedua she's = she has, sebab diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ke-3 (Present Perfect Tense)

b. Tanpa Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh: 

• They invited you to their party, didn't they?
• She read the novel, didn't she?
• She reads the novel, doesn't she?
• Somebody knocked at the door, didn't they?
• You think I will be fired, don't you?
• I believe you will pass the exam, won't you?

Catatan penting: 

• Jika tidak ada auxiliary (kata Bantu) di dalam kalimat statement-nya, maka gunakan do, does, atau did, tergantung dari tenses-nya.
• Berhati-hati dengan kata kerja Irregular Verbs, terutama yang memiliki bentuk yang sama seperti contoh kalimat no. 2 dan 3 di atas.
• Somebody/someone, anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, these/those dianggap menjadi "they" dalam tagnya.
• Something, anything, everything, this/that dianggap menjadi "it" dalam tagnya.
• Jika statement-nya terdiri dari induk dan anak kalimat, maka tag-nya diambil dari induk kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-5), kecuali jika induk kalimatnya dimulai dengan I, maka tag-nya diambil dari anak kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-6). Hal ini sangat masuk akal kita, kan tidak lucu kalau kita bertanya pada diri kita sendiri. (Saya percaya kamu akan lulus ujian, ya kan? - tetapi ya kan-nya ditujukan pada diri sendiri)

2. Negative Statement

Negative statement jauh lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan positive statement karena kita sudah melihat adanya kata Bantu di dalam statement-nya. Kita tinggal memindahkan kata Bantu tersebut ke dalam tagnya.

Negative statement biasanya sering dipakai untuk meminta tolong atau meminta informasi tentang sesuatu/seseorang.

Rumus:

(-) Statement, (+) tag

Contoh: 

• There isn't any news, is there?
• My parents won't go to Bali with you, will they?
• Nobody wants to go with you, do they?
• Everybody does not bring their homework, do they?
• You never come to her dormitory, do you?

Catatan penting: 

• Nobody, nothing dianggap negative
• Nobody dianggap menjadi they dalam tagnya dan nothing dianggap menjadi itdalam tagnya.
• Hati-hati jangan sampai terlena dengan kata Bantu yang nampak dalam statement-nya. Perhatikan contoh kalimat no. 3 dan 4. Kata kerjanya seolah-olah adalah tunggal dan seharusnya menggunakan does, namun mengapa tag-nya menggunakan do? Sebab nobody dan everybody dianggap they dalam tag-nya.
• Never, seldom, barely, little, few, dll dianggap negative (contoh kalimat no. 5)
• Namun ingat, a few, dan a little  dianggap positive.

3. Imperative Statement

Imperative statement biasanya digunakan untuk meminta dan menyuruh orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.  Ada juga yang berfungsi untuk melarang dan mengajak orang lain.

Tag yang digunakan adalah:

• Will you, won't you, would you, could you, can you, dll yang sejenis. Penggunaannya tergantung dari situasi kalimatnya dan tingkat kesopanan statement yang disampaikan. Misalnya kalau meminta orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu, lebih baik gunakan would you atau sejenisnya, dan menyuruh seseorang dengan nada marah, maka can you akan lebih cocok digunakan daripada would you.
• Sedangkan untuk let's, tag yang digunakan adalah shall we?

Contoh: 

• Sit down, would you?
• Let's do it again, shall we?
• Don't disturb me, can't you?

Catatan penting:

Penggunaan tag di atas sama penggunaanya dan dapat digantikan dengan please.

Contoh: 

• Sit down, please?
• Let's do it again, please?
• Don't disturb me, please? 
  

4. Ellipsis Question Tag

Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan Question tag, khususnya jika kita tidak dapat melihat adanya subjek kalimat dalam statement-nya. Untuk itu, kita perlu memahami dan mencermati bahwa subjek kalimat statement-nya sebenarnya ada, namun hilang (ellipsis). Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini: 

• Nice day, isn't it?
• Difficult, aren't they?
• Talking about me, aren't you?
• Fine, aren't you?

reference 

http://esuprianto.blogspot.com/2011/11/question-tag.html

Read More

suffix

Suffixes

A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

1. inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog > dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk > walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.
   
   
2. derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

Inflectional suffixes

Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word. So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning. In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same. In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness". Look at these examples:

suffix	grammatical change	example original word	example suffixed word
-s	plural	dog	dogs
-en	plural (irregular)	ox	oxen
-s	3rd person singular present	like	he likes
-ed	past tense past participle	work	he worked he has worked
-en	past participle (irregular)	eat	he has eaten
-ing	continuous/progressive	sleep	he is sleeping
-er	comparative	big	bigger
-est	superlative	big	the biggest

Derivational suffixes

With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.

We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

There are several hundred derivational suffixes. Here are some of the more common ones:

suffix	making	example original word	example suffixed word
-ation	nouns	explore hesitate	exploration hesitation
-sion		persuade divide	persuasion division
-er		teach	teacher
-cian		music	musician
-ess		god	goddess
-ness		sad	sadness
-al		arrive	arrival
-ary		diction	dictionary
-ment		treat	treatment
-y		jealous victor	jealousy victory
-al	adjectives	accident	accidental
-ary		imagine	imaginary
-able		tax	taxable
-ly		brother	brotherly
-y		ease	easy
-ful		sorrow forget	sorrowful forgetful
-ly	adverbs	helpful	helpfully
-ize	verbs	terror private	terrorize privatize
-ate		hyphen	hyphenate

by http://www.englishclub.com

Read More

prefix

Prefixes

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or " bio-", because these are "combining forms", not prefixes.

Prefix		Meaning	Examples
a-	also an-	not, without	atheist, anaemic
a-		to, towards	aside, aback
		in the process of, in a particular state	a-hunting, aglow
a-		of	anew
		completely	abashed
ab-	also abs-	away, from	abdicate, abstract
ad-	also a-, ac-, af-, ag- al-, an-, ap-, at- as-, at-	movement to, change into, addition or increase	advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate, affirm, aggravate, alleviate, annotate, apprehend, arrive, assemble, attend
ante-		before, preceding	antecedent, ante-room
anti-	also ant-	opposing, against, the opposite	anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
be-		all over, all around	bespatter, beset
		completely	bewitch, bemuse
		having, covered with	bejewelled
		affect with (added to nouns)	befog
		cause to be (added to adjectives)	becalm
com-	also co-, col-, con-, cor-	with, jointly, completely	combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode
contra-		against, opposite	contraceptive
counter-		opposition, opposite direction	counter-attack, counteract
de-		down, away	descend, despair, depend, deduct
		completely	denude, denigrate
		removal, reversal	de-ice, decamp
dia-	also di-	through, across	diagonal
dis-	also di-	negation, removal, expulsion	disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
en-	also em-	put into or on	engulf, enmesh
		bring into the condition of	enlighten, embitter
		intensification	entangle, enrage
ex-	also e-, ef-	out	exit, exclude, expand
		upward	exalt, extol
		completely	excruciate, exasperate
		previous	ex-wife
extra-		outside, beyond	extracurricular
hemi-		half	hemisphere
hyper-		beyond, more than, more than normal	hypersonic, hyperactive
hypo-		under	hypodermic, hypothermia
in-	also il-, im-	not, without	infertile, inappropriate, impossible
	also il-, im-, ir-	in, into, towards, inside	influence, influx, imbibe
infra-		below	infrared, infrastructure
inter-		between, among	interact, interchange
intra-		inside, within	intramural, intravenous
non-		absence, negation	non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob-	also oc-, of-, op-	blocking, against, concealing	obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
out-		surpassing, exceeding	outperform
		external, away from	outbuilding, outboard
over-		excessively, completely	overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed
		upper, outer, over, above	overcoat, overcast
peri-		round, about	perimeter
post-		after in time or order	postpone
pre-		before in time, place, order or importance	pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
pro-		favouring, in support of	pro-African
		acting for	proconsul
		motion forwards or away	propulsion
		before in time, place or order	prologue
re-		again	repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi-		half, partly	semicircle, semi-conscious
sub-	also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus-	at a lower position	submarine, subsoil
		lower in rank	sub-lieutenant
		nearly, approximately	sub-tropical
syn-	also sym-	in union, acting together	synchronize, symmetry
trans-		across, beyond	transnational, transatlantic
		into a different state	translate
ultra-		beyond	ultraviolet, ultrasonic
		extreme	ultramicroscopic
un-		not	unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned
		reversal or cancellation of action or state	unplug, unmask
under-		beneath, below	underarm, undercarriage
		lower in rank	undersecretary
		not enough	underdeveloped

  by http://www.englishclub.com

Read More